I am sharing my NORI cover letter for the J1 visa waiver (as mentioned in J1 waiver stage 2) for the Home Department of State. If you are looking for the J1 waiver application process end-to-end, please start from the following post. Getting a J1 waiver is a very time-consuming and lengthy process, you will find my experience helpful. Start here: J1 Waiver Application Process Cover letter for NORI (Home Department) Please update the grey area based on your details. This cover letter is not mandatory but it's always good to have it so that it's easier for the officer who is handling your case. Date: dd/mm/yyyy From: , To: Under Secretary, Government of Uttar Pradesh, Home (Visa) Section 4, Anubhag, Lucknow 226001. Dear Sir/Madam, Subject: Request to grant NORI certificate. I am currently in the USA on a J1 exchange visitor visa as a Postdoctoral Fellow (Passport number K1234567) at the University of XYZ, ABC. I am writing this letter to request you to kindly grant me a NORI (No Obligation to Return to India) certificate. I need this to get a waiver certificate from the Embassy of India in the USA for immigration (conversion of J1 visa to H1). For this purpose, I need to get clearance from my State Government Office. I would like to assure you that I have not been sponsored or provided with certain privileges by the Government of India or/ Government of any State in India. Further, I have not given any definite undertaking to return to India, and my presence in India is not required regarding any civil or criminal proceedings. I am enclosing the required testimonials for your reference. Thanking You. Sincerely, Enclosures: 1. Attested statement and Affidavit 2. Self-Attested copies of Passport and Visa 3. Self-Attested copies of Certificates (Ph.D., M.Sc., B.Sc., and High School) 4. DS-2019 5. Resume Related: Home Department and RPO addresses Once again, this cover letter is not mandatory, and it's up to you if you want to include this or not, but I would recommend you keep it as the cover letter. Next: J1 Waiver Stage 3 Related Posts ✔ Go to Main Menu ✔ J1 visa to green card ✔ How to expedite the J1 waiver? Related Topics

Yes, NDA cadets get holidays, and the same applies to OTA and IMA cadets. A Sunday, like in IMA or OTA, is nothing less than a holiday for a cadet. The life of a cadet in the National Defence Academy (Pune), Indian Military Academy (Dehradun), or Officers Training Academy (Chennai) is a busy schedule of events comprising various training activities that drain out the energy of a cadet. Irrespective of the various academies, the life of the cadet remains similar. Academy life is an everlasting experience that every military officer cherishes in his life, and Sunday is a special day among those. The free Sunday is the only savior for a cadet who is desperately looking for a break from training schedules and needs to revitalize for the coming weeks. Table of Contents: NDA cadets' holidays Zero haircut Sleep, Sleep & Sleep Liberty Letters Canteen Phone Weapon Cleaning In this blog, I endeavor to bring a few activities that take place during Sunday or any other holiday in NDA, IMA, and OTA. This will help an aspiring cadet to sense and visualize the Sunday in the academy. As an OTA alumni, I may recall rigorous and tough training days, full of kiosks due to various scheduled activities that take place in day-to-day life, and most of the activities used to overlap with each other with no spare time at all. We were so mentally and physically occupied that there was nothing else to think about other than how to get some free time. So now, you can understand the importance of this GREAT SUNDAY in a cadet's life. Sunday is the only break from this busy schedule of the academy, a much-needed time to rest physically, mentally, logistically, and emotionally. This helps to relieve the body from weeklong training and fatigue and prepare it for the coming week. Here is the list of various activities that most of the cadets do on Sunday, these are: 1. Zero Haircut Yes, you can call it the most important event of the day which a cadet looks forward to and makes all the effort to complete it against all his will. Even slight remnants of hair can bring unwanted punishment to a cadet in the upcoming week. 2. Sleep, Sleep & Sleep Yes, you read it right, that's what most of the cadets do. The Sunday break is required for full-time rest due to undergoing various weeklong tough training activities which further results in fatigue. 3. Liberty Going out in the local city market during the daytime is commonly known as liberty. A time to satisfy your eyes by seeing young girls & taste buds by hogging everything available. 4. Letters Yeah, yeah, a bit old-fashioned but we do write letters to our friends and family members. It helps to express your emotions and keep you energized for the week ahead. I didn't realize before the academy, that letters are so good means of communication. 5. Canteen Yes, it’s time to fill up your stocks of emergency ration (in its literal meaning) for upcoming days. Anything that can be eaten without cooking is kept in the room. 6. Phone Most of the time during weekdays one didn't get that much time to speak with family members and friends. Therefore, THE GREAT Sunday comes to the rescue. 7. Weapon Cleaning Seldom cadets need to clean their weapons that could have been left dirty due to weeklong training activity. This is particularly after the week in which some outdoor exercise was conducted in the previous week. I hope I've painted a clear picture of how Sunday is being spent in the academy. Comment if you have any questions about the life of a cadet in a training academy. Related Topics

In the Indian Army, a cadet upon completion of training is commissioned into service in either Permanent Commission (PC) or Short Service Commission (SSC). In addition to the initial contract of service, there are several other differences between these two commissions. We will discuss these differences in a subsequent article; here I present a brief about the Permanent commissions and various entries that are part of this and the academy at which cadets are trained before commissioning. Table of Contents: Permanent Commission in Indian Army Indian Military Academy, Dehradun 1. National Defence Academy, Pune 2. Combined Defence Service Examination (CDSE) 3. University Entry Scheme (Pre-Final Year Students Only) 4. Technical Graduate Course 5. AEC (Men) Officers Training Academy, Gaya(10+2 (TES) Entry) A Permanent Commission means a career in the Army till you retire. For Permanent Commission, you have to join the Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, or the Officers Training Academy, Gaya. Indian Military Academy, Dehradun Indian Military Academy is a cradle of leadership. The IMA trains you to lead from the front. You are trained in all aspects of combat and tactics using technology and other modern tools and technologies. The IMA has excellent facilities for all-round development. At the I.M.A Army Cadets are known as Gentlemen Cadets and are given strenuous military training for one year. On successful completion of training Gentlemen Cadets are granted Permanent Commission in the rank of Lieutenant subject to being medically fit in "SHAPE-I” one. Gentlemen Cadets during the entire duration of training in Service Academies i.e. during the training period at IMA shall be entitled to a stipend of Rs 21,000/- p.m. From the IMA, you're commissioned as a "Lieutenant" in the Indian Army, to go out into the world and live up to the IMA motto - "Valour & Wisdom". The main entries to get into IMA are as under: 1. National Defence Academy, Pune The cadets for the three services, viz, Army, Navy, and Air Force are given preliminary training in both academic and physical for 3 Years at the National Defence Academy(Pune), which is an Inter-Service Institution. The training during the first two and half years is common to the cadets of three wings. The cadets on passing out will be awarded B.Sc./B.Sc.(Computer)/BA. Degree from Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi. On passing out from the National Defence Academy, Army Cadets go to the Indian Military Academy, Dehradun for training and commissioning. 2. Combined Defence Service Examination (CDSE) You can take the CDS Entrance Exam conducted by UPSC while you are in the final year of Graduation / possess any Graduate Degree. Clear the SSB interview, be medically fit, and join IMA as a Direct Entry subject to meeting all eligibility conditions and availability of vacancies. (For details of exam dates / Notification visit the UPSC website) Candidates finally selected will undergo Military Training for 18 Months at IMA. Candidates will be enrolled under the Army Act as Gentlemen Cadets. On successful completion of training gentlemen cadets are granted permanent commission in the rank of Lt subject to being medically fit in SHAPE – I. The final allocation of Arms/Services will be made before passing out of Gentlemen Cadets from IMA. The other entries are Non UPSC entries and there is no written exam for them. You are directly called for an SSB interview and the details are as under: 3. University Entry Scheme (Pre-Final Year Students Only) This entry is for those of you who wish to apply for the Army in the Pre-Final Year of Engineering. Look out for the advertisement published in leading newspapers/employment news in May every year. Selected candidates for the UES Course will be detailed for training at the Indian Military Academy, Dehradun according to their position in the final order of merit, discipline up to the number of vacancies available at that time. The duration of training is one year. Candidates during the period of training will be given a stipend at the rate of the minimum basic pay of a Lieutenant. However, the entire stipend will be paid in lump sum only on reporting for training at IMA. From the date of joining IMA, they will be entitled to full pay and allowances, and other benefits as admissible to regular officers. Engineering graduates who possess the prescribed qualification will be granted a one-year ante-date for seniority, promotion, and increments of pay. 4. Technical Graduate Course Those who are studying in their final year/ have completed BE/B Tech in notified streams can also join IMA through the Technical Graduate Course. Look out for the advertisement published in leading newspapers/employment news in May/Jun & Nov/Dec every year. The duration of training is one year. Selected candidates will be detailed for training at Indian Military Academy, Dehradun according to their position in the final order of merit up to the number of vacancies available in each subject. On successful completion of training, cadets will be granted Permanent Commission in the Army in the rank of Lieutenant. Officers may be granted commission in any Arms/Services and will be liable for service in any part of the world on selected appointments as decided by Army Headquarters from time to time. One year ante date seniority from the date of commission will be granted to Engineering Graduates of TGC Entry. 5. AEC (Men) Candidates who have passed Post Graduate Degree MA/M.Sc in subjects as per Notification /M.Com/MCA/MBA with 1st or 2nd Division are only eligible. Final Year appearing/Result awaiting students are not eligible. The duration of training is one year. Selected candidates will be detailed for training at Indian Military Academy, Dehradun according to their position in the final order of merit up to the number of vacancies available in each subject. On successful completion of training, cadets will be granted Permanent Commission in the Army in the rank of Lieutenant. Officers Training Academy, Gaya(10+2 (TES) Entry) You can apply after passing your 12th Exams. A minimum aggregate of 70% is mandatory in Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. You will be detailed for the SSB interview based on the cut-off as decided by the Recruiting Directorate. Look out for the advertisement published in leading newspapers/employment news in May/Oct every year. The duration of training for TES Entry is 5 years, with which the first year is Basic Military Training from Officer Training Academy, Gaya, and the remaining four years of Training at CME Pune or MCTE Mhow or MCEME Secunderabad. The candidates will be awarded an Engineering degree after successful completion of training. The candidates will be given a stipend of Rs. 21,000/- p.m. (Rs 15,600/- as pay in Pay Band plus Grade Pay of Rs. 5,400/-) as is admissible to NDA cadets on completion of 3 years of training. On completion of 4 Years of training, they will be commissioned in the rank of Lieutenant and entitled to pay as admissible to the rank. Thank you. If you have any questions simply comment below. Related Topics

SSB interview procedure is a mandatory process to become a Service Selection Board officer in any Indian defense force irrespective of the age group and kind of entry it is. There just can’t be any Indian defense officer who has not experienced this five-day Service Selection Board (SSB) Interview process. Because of its high rejection rate, it has gained too much importance for aspiring candidates and so has expert guidance on it in terms of coaching and books published over it. Still, it’s very difficult to get a correct methodology to prepare for it and clear it successfully. I believe this complete phenomenon of the SSB Interview has become more commercialized and made it a kind of hype and correct and easier procedure had been lost in the process. Table of Contents: SSB Interview Procedure Introduction Day of reporting Day 1: Screening Test Day 2: Psychology Test Day 3-4: GTO Tasks & Interview Day 5: Conference SSB interview is a very scientifically designed evaluation system that ensures the correct intake of officers into the system for its overall growth. The board assesses the suitability of the candidate for becoming an officer, It consists of personality, intelligence tests, and interviews. The tests are of both types i.e. written and practical task-based. In total there are thirteen Service Selection Boards across India, out of which four boards are for the Indian Army, four boards are for the Indian Air Force, and five boards for the Indian Navy. The Service Selection Boards of the Indian Army are located at: SSB North (Kapurthala, PB) SSB South (Bangalore, KN) SSB Central (Bhopal, MP) SSB East (Allahabad, UP) SSB interviews consist of three separate evaluation systems spread over five days. The day-wise procedure is given below. Day of reporting The selected candidates are provided exact date and time of reaching the respective SSB center in their call letter. The reception center is established at the nearest railway station which further arranges the necessary pick and drop from the station to the center. Upon arrival, a distinguishing chest no is provided to each candidate which in turn becomes their identity for this exam process. Their educational documents are checked for initial verification and they are allotted a berth for stay. A briefing about the schedule, various tests, and general instructions are given. Day 1: Screening Test On the first day, the Screening test is conducted which segregates the best from the crowd. Normally more than half of the candidates don’t make it beyond this point. Screening Tests include; Intelligence Test – This consists of two Tests. Verbal and Non-Verbal. (About 50 questions each) Picture Perception & Picture Description Test (PPDT) – In this test, a picture is shown to the candidates for 30 seconds. Each candidate observes it and then, in the next one minute, must record the number of characters seen in the picture. Then, in four minutes, draft a story from the picture (and not just describe the picture). The candidate must record the mood, approximate age, and gender of the "main character". Group discussion on the PPDT – In stage two of the PPDT, the candidates are given their stories, which they may revise. Then, in a group, each candidate must narrate his story in under one minute. The group is then asked to create a common story involving each of their perceived picture stories. Selected candidates are shifted to different accommodations where they are going to stay for the next four days of the interview process. The remaining candidates are sent back to their house. Day 2: Psychology Test The following tests are conducted during the Second day of SSB interviews. Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT) - Candidates are shown a picture for thirty seconds and then write a story in the next four minutes. Twelve such pictures are shown sequentially. The last picture is a blank slide inviting the candidates to write a story of their choice. Word Association Test (WAT) - Candidates are shown sixty simple, everyday words for fifteen seconds each and they need to write a sentence on each word.Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). Situation Reaction Test (SRT) - A booklet of 60 situations is given in which responses are to be completed in 30 minutes. Self Description Test (SDT) - The candidate is asked 5 questions about the there's parents, teachers, friends, and his perception about himself. Day 3-4: GTO Tasks & Interview The following tests are conducted during the day of the SSB interview. Group Discussion Test (GD) Military Planning Exercise (MPE) Progressive Group Task (PGT) Individual Lecturettes Group Obstacle Race Half Group Task Personal interview of candidates is taken by the SSB Board president. Day 5: Conference All the officers (in proper uniform) attend the conference where each candidate has a conversation with a panel of assessors. The assessors look for confidence and expression when speaking; a positive attitude in adversity and life; and honesty. Following this, the final results are announced. Successful candidates remain for an intensive medical examination taking three to five days at a military hospital. Thank you. If you have any questions simply comment below. Related Topics

In the Indian Army, Short Service Commission (SSC) recruitment grants qualified candidates the option of joining the Indian Army as a "Short Service Commissioned Officer" for 10/14 years. At the end of 10 years, you have 3 options. Convert a Short Service Commission to a Permanent Commission (PC). You can opt for 4 years extension. You can resign at any time during this period of 4 4-year extension. Or simply opt out! Table of Contents: Short Service Commission in Indian Army Introduction What happens after SSC selection? SSC Training 1. Short Service Commission (Non-Technical) Men & Women 2. Short Service Commission (Technical) Men & Women 3. Short Service Commission (NCC) Men & Women 4. Short Service Commission (JAG) Men & Women Short Service Commission empowers you with analytical thinking, planning skills, and administrative and organizational abilities. These qualities will make you an invaluable asset for any organization that you join after the Army and there are opportunities to sidestep to an alternate career for which the Army will also help you. Officers Training Academy, Chennai What happens after SSC selection? Once selected for the Short Service Commission, you go to the Officers Training Academy in Chennai. Selected candidates will be detailed for training at the Officers Training Academy, Chennai according to your position in the final order of merit, up to the number of vacancies available at the time. SSC Training Duration of training is 49 weeks (approximately 11 months) training at OTA, Chennai, on successful completion of which candidates will be granted commission in the rank of Lieutenant. Ante date seniority will be granted only to Technical Graduates joining through Technical Entry. Training at OTA is at Govt. expense, all candidates who complete Pre-Commission training at Officers Training Academy, Chennai will be awarded "Post Graduate Diploma in Defence Management and Strategic Studies” by the University of Madras. OTA training provides you with opportunities to broaden your perspective and widen your horizon. Whether it's skeet-shooting, golf, riding, or angling, at OTA you can do it all. Officers granted Short Service Commission are liable to serve anywhere in India and abroad. The main entries for Men & Women both are as under: 1. Short Service Commission (Non-Technical) Men & Women Officers' recruitment through this entry is advertised through the Employment News and all important National and Regional Newspapers/dailies in Jul and Nov. The Mode of Application is Online only through the official website of UPSC. Selection for short service commission is through a written exam conducted by the UPSC twice every year in the months Sept. and Feb, followed by an interview by the Service Selection Board (SSB). Courses are conducted at OTA, Chennai twice every year in the Months of April and October. 2. Short Service Commission (Technical) Men & Women Officers Recruitment through this entry is advertised through the Employment News and All important National and Regional Newspapers/dailies in January and July. The mode of Application is Online only through the official website of the Recruitment Directorate. Selection for short service commission is through the Services Selection Board (SSB) and there is no written exam for this entry as of date. The candidates are shortlisted for SSB interview based on the cut-off percentage applied on marks obtained by the candidates up to the 6th Semester. Courses are conducted at OTA, Chennai twice every year in the Months of April and October. 3. Short Service Commission (NCC) Men & Women Officers Recruitment through this entry is advertised through the Employment News and All important National and Regional Newspapers/dailies in Jun and Dec. If you have done NCC Senior Division (Army) and obtained a 'C' certificate with a minimum 'B' grade, you can apply through your NCC Battalion from where NCC 'C' certificate has been issued to you. 4. Short Service Commission (JAG) Men & Women To apply for JAG Entry, you have to be a Law Graduate with a minimum of 55% aggregate marks in LLB Degree (Three years professional after graduation or five years after the 10+2 examination). The candidates should be eligible for registration with the Bar Council of India/State. The candidate should be from a College/University recognized by the Bar Council of India. Officers Recruitment through this entry is advertised through the Employment News and All important National and Regional Newspapers/dailies in June and December. Thank you. If you have any questions simply comment below. Related Topics

If you're in the US and wish to apply for a change of status from an H1B visa to a B1/B2 visa, possibly after a layoff, or from an F1 visa, or J1 visa, etc., you'll need to complete the I-539, the change of status form. You can complete the I-539 form yourself (no need for a lawyer), and it should be done before your grace period ends. If you are on an H1B visa, you should apply for a change of status within 60 days of the H1B grace period. Related: H1B grace period with severance When filling out the I-539 form, ensure that you clearly state the reason for the change of status and demonstrate why you need it. Make sure you provide sufficient documents to support your financial condition. It's important to note that USCIS allows individuals to search for a new job or interview while in B-1 or B-2 status. Therefore, clearly explain that you need some time to search for a job due to a recent layoff, and that's why you are filing for a change of status to a B1/B2 visa. Can I look for a new job while in B-1 or B-2 status? Yes, searching for employment and interviewing for a position are permissible B-1 or B-2 activities. By statute, however, you may not engage in employment within the domestic labor market (also known as “local labor for hire”) while in B-1 status or engage in any employment while in B-2 status. Before beginning any new employment, a petition and request for a change of status from B-1 or B-2 to an employment-authorized status must be approved, and the new status must take effect. Alternatively, if the change of status request is denied or the petition for new employment requests consular or port of entry notification, the individual must depart the United States and be admitted in an employment-authorized classification before beginning the new employment. Reference: USCIS (look for this question under the change of status section). Table of Contents: Change of Status to B1/B2 Visa Can I Change the Status to B1/B2 Visa? Change of Status to B1/B2 Visa from Other Visas Applying for Change of Status Sample Letter How to Fill Form I-539 Processing Time What should I do if I find a job when my B1/B2 application is pending? Documents Required FAQs on Change of Status to B1/B2 Whether you're on a different visa or already in the country, understanding how to apply for a change of status to a B1/B2 visa is important. This blog will simplify the process for you, outlining the required documents, eligibility criteria, and other essential factors to consider when applying for a change of status to a B1/B2 visa. Can I Change the Status to B1/B2 Visa? The B1/B2 visa is intended for temporary stays, so applicants should have a clear intention of staying temporarily while on this visa. Below are the main categories of people who apply for a change of status to B1/B2. Visa Holders: Individuals holding different types of visas like H1B, F1, etc. can apply for a change of status to a B1/B2 tourist visa. For exceptions, refer to the USCIS website for the latest information. In-Country Applicants: Those already in the US can request a change of status using form I-539 without leaving the country. Change of Status to B1/B2 Visa from Other Visas Various visa holders consider changing their status to a B1/B2 tourist visa for temporary stays in the United States. Common scenarios include: Related: Options after job loss on H1B F-1 Student Visa Holders: Students may switch to a B1/B2 visa for leisure or travel purposes if their authorized stay on an F1 visa is ending soon. H-1B Visa Holders: Professionals with an H-1B work visa typically apply for a change of status to a B1/B2 visa during a job loss or when their visas are expiring to avoid 'unlawful presence'. J-1 Exchange Visitors: If your J1 visa doesn't require the INA 212(e) two-year home residency, you can change your status to B1/B2 visitor status. However, if your J1 visa has the INA 212(e) two-year home residency requirement, changing your status within the US is not possible. L-1 Intracompany Transferees: Employees under the L-1 visa may consider switching to B1/B2 for personal reasons during gaps between assignments (same company). Note that each case is unique, and individuals should thoroughly review eligibility criteria and consult with legal professionals for personalized advice. Applying for Change of Status to B1/B2 Applying for a change of status to a B1/B2 involves the following steps. Eligibility: Ensure you meet the eligibility criteria for changing to a B1/B2 visa. Earlier in this post, we already discussed which visas qualify. Typically, this involves maintaining legal status, having a valid reason for the change, and intending a temporary stay for tourism or personal reasons. Prepare Required Documents: Collect necessary documents, including Form I-539 (Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status), a letter explaining the reason for the change, proof of financial ability to cover your stay, and other supporting documents. File Form I-539: Complete and submit Form I-539 along with the required supporting documents to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). Pay the associated filing fee of $370. Wait for USCIS Response: USCIS will review your application. Be patient during the processing period, which can take several months. You may check the status online using the USCIS case status tool. Receive USCIS Decision: Once USCIS reviews your application, you'll receive a decision. If approved, your status will be changed to B1/B2. If not, you have to immediately leave the country. Stick to Visa Rules: After approval, adhere to the conditions of your B1/B2 visa, such as maintaining legal status and leaving the U.S. before the authorized stay expires. Sample Letter for Change of Status to B1/B2 [Date] [Your Name] [Your Address] [City, State, ZIP Code] [Email Address] [Phone Number] U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services [Service Center Address] [City, State, ZIP Code] Subject: Request for Change of Status to B1/B2 Tourist Visa Dear USCIS Officer, I am writing to formally request a change of status from my current H1B visa to a B1/B2 tourist visa for a temporary stay in the United States. I am providing the necessary documents as outlined in the Form I-539 instructions to support my application. These include: Completed Form I-539, Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status. A detailed cover letter explaining my reasons for the change, emphasizing my desire for a temporary stay. Copy of my current H1B visa and I-94 arrival/departure record. Passport biographic page and copies of previous U.S. visas. Proof of financial ability to cover my stay, including recent bank statements. Passport-sized photographs adhering to USCIS specifications. Documentation establishing my ties to my home country, such as property ownership, and family relationships. I understand and respect the regulations governing the change of status process and assure you that my stay in the U.S. will comply with all applicable laws. I am committed to returning to my home country upon the conclusion of my temporary stay and will not engage in unauthorized employment during this period. I appreciate your time and consideration of my application. If there is any additional information needed, or if an interview is required, I am more than willing to provide the necessary cooperation. Thank you for your attention to this matter. Sincerely, [Your Signature] [Your Typed Name] How to Fill Form I-539 for Change of Status to B1/B2 Here's a detailed guide on how to fill out Form I-539 for a change of status to B1/B2 visa: Download the Form: Visit the official USCIS website and download the latest version of Form I-539. Read Instructions: Carefully read the accompanying instructions provided by USCIS. These instructions provide essential guidance on completing the change of status form. Part 1: Information About You (Principal Applicant): Fill in your details, including your name, address, date of birth, and other relevant information. Part 2: Application Type: Check Box "3.a. Change of Status" to indicate you are applying for a change of status. Part 3: Processing Information: Provide information regarding your current non-immigrant status, the date you were admitted to the U.S., and details of any previous extensions or changes of status. Part 4: Additional Information About Applicant: Answer questions about your previous immigration history, criminal record (if any), and other relevant details. Part 5: Declaration: Sign and date the form to certify that the information provided is accurate and complete. Part [6,7]: Interpreter Information: Typically you will be filling out the I-539 form yourself, so no interpreter's detail is required. Part 8: Additional Information: If you need additional space to explain your answers, use this section and attach extra sheets. Form I-539A (if applicable): If there are family members included in the application, such as dependents, they should each complete a separate Form I-539A. Supporting Documents: Attach the necessary supporting documents, including the letter explaining the reason for the change, proof of financial ability, and any other required materials. Fee Payment: Include the filing fee of $370 with your application. Check the USCIS website for the current fee amount. Mail the Application: Review your application thoroughly, make copies of all documents, and mail the complete application. You can find the addresses here. B1/B2 Change of Status Processing Time USCIS processing times for a change of status to a B1/B2 visa could range from 3 to 9 months, depending on the service center processing your case. What should I do if I find a job when my B1/B2 application is pending? Many of us wonder what happens if we find a job and need to join. Do we need to wait for the result of the B1/B2 change of status? The answer is no. There is a lot of misinformation in the market, with some suggesting that the new employer may require you to go through consular processing, which could result in receiving a 221(g) notice and facing extensive processing times. Based on the latest USCIS guidelines, if you file for an H1B visa using premium processing while your B1/B2 visa application is still pending, USCIS approves your B1/B2 visa right away within the H1B premium processing timeframe. At the same time, they decide on your change of status from B1/B2 to H1B. This means you won't need to go through consular processing because both the approval of the B1/B2 visa and the decision on the B1/B2 to H1B change of status happen while you're in the US, waiting for a decision. Will my pending I-539 change of status application to B-1 or B-2 be prioritized if I find a new employer who files an I-129 petition with a request for premium processing service? If an employer files a Form I-129 petition on your behalf, along with a request for premium processing service, USCIS will generally process the pending I-539 and the I-129 together during the premium processing timeframe and issue concurrent decisions. This means there should be no delay in adjudication of the I-129 because of the pending I-539. No formal request is required for the pending I-539 to be prioritized. If USCIS approves the I-129 petition, including any requested change of status, then you generally will obtain the nonimmigrant status requested on the I-129 petition (not the I-539), and may begin working. You generally would not need to depart the United States to obtain the requested nonimmigrant status in this scenario. Reference: USCIS (look for this question under the change of status section). Documents Required Following are the documents required to apply for a change of status to B1/B2, these might slightly change for different visa statuses but not a lot. Form I-539: The completed and signed Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status. Filing Fee: Mostly, the Form I-539 fee is $370. Check the USCIS website for the current fee amount. Cover Letter: A letter explaining the reason for the change to B1/B2 status. Clearly state your intentions for a temporary stay, such as tourism, medical treatment, or personal reasons. Supporting Letter: Any additional supporting letters, if necessary, to provide more details about your situation. Proof of Financial Ability: Documentation showing that you have the financial means to cover your stay in the U.S. This may include bank statements, pay stubs, or a letter from a sponsor. Passport: A copy of your passport, including the biographic page with your photo and other relevant information. Current Visa: A copy of your current visa and I-94 arrival/departure record. Form I-20 or DS-2019 or I-797 Approval Notices: If you are currently on an F or J visa, include a copy of your Form I-20 (for F visa) or DS-2019 (for J visa). If you are on an H1B or L1 visa, include the I-797 approval notice. Photographs: Provide passport-sized photos as per USCIS specifications. Proof of Ties to Home Country: Documents showing strong ties to your home country, such as property ownership, or family relationships, to demonstrate your intent to return after the temporary stay. I-539A (if applicable): If there are dependents included in the application, each dependent should complete a separate Form I-539A. Other Supporting Documents: Include any additional documents relevant to your specific situation, such as marriage certificates, birth certificates, or educational transcripts. Remember that immigration procedures and requirements may change, so it is crucial to consult the most recent guidelines on the official USCIS website or seek legal advice for personalized assistance. Wishing you a smooth and successful application process. FAQs on Change of Status to B1/B2 Where do I mail my I-539 form? USCIS mailing addresses may vary depending on the state you are in. You can find the latest mailing address and any updates on the USCIS website or contact the USCIS National Customer Service Center at 1-800-375-5283 for assistance. How much is the fee for change of status filing? The filing fee for Form I-539, which is used for a change of status to a B1/B2 visa, is $370. However, fees are subject to change, and it's crucial to check the most recent information on the official USCIS website or contact USCIS directly to confirm the current filing fee. Can my change of status petition or application be expedited? Yes, you can request USCIS expedite processing for a pending B1/B2 change of status, one of the reasons could be financial loss based on the job offer. Read more. Next: H1B Grace Period Related Posts ✔ How to expedite H4 EAD? ✔ How to get H4 EAD in 15 days ✔ How to file H1B to J2 change of status Related Topics

Oracle IDCS has various rest APIs that can be used to pull data and you can utilize it further for data analytics. Let's see how we can pull data using simple shell scripts. Table of Contents: Oracle IDCS Rest API Parameter File Main Shell Script Check if the parameter file exists Create basic token Function to regenerate the token Testing token validity Pull totalResults count Loop to pull the records Formatting the JSON output Summary This Bash script automates the retrieval and processing of audit events data from an Oracle IDCS Rest API endpoint. It begins by checking for the existence of a parameter file, "param.txt", and sets environment variables accordingly. Using these variables, it generates a basic authentication token and validates its integrity. The script then retrieves the total number of qualified records from the API endpoint and proceeds to fetch the audit events data in paginated batches. Each batch is modified to a specific format and saved into JSON files with timestamps. Finally, it iterates through each batch until all records are retrieved and clean up temporary files upon completion, providing a seamless and efficient workflow for managing audit events. Parameter File Step 1: Create a parameter file "param.txt" which will contain the Customer ID, Customer secret, and organization URL (all in new line). You can leave the environment name as it is. Please note below values are just dummy values to showcase how you need to create a param file. Validate using Postman if your keys are working properly before running the script. scripts> pwd /home/hadoop/scripts scripts> more param.txt CID= 61rgrjk5869bjrvrb9999rbre20 CSEC= 01rgt-atbt-4956-9e77-15rjb74756nr64 ORG= https://idcs-9bbrtj756bjer8gbk753gbvj8f7eh3.identity.oraclecloud.com ENV= QUAL Main Script Step 2: At the same location, create the shell script for pulling data in JSON format. A brief description is given before each section of code. You can name your shell script anything; just make sure the permissions are correct to execute. I kept it as 755. Check if the Parameter File Exists This script checks for the presence of a parameter file named "param.txt" and reads specific lines from it to determine the environment. Based on the environment, it provides a corresponding welcome message or indicates an invalid selection. #!/bin/bash [ -f ./param.txt ] && echo "Parameter file is present" || echo "Parameter file not found!! Create param.txt with CID, CSEC, ORG, and ENV details." ENV=`head -8 ./param.txt | tail -1` [ -z "$ENV" ] && echo "Environment variable is empty" || echo "Environment variable looks good" case $ENV in DEV) echo "Welcome to DEV environment!" ;; QUAL) echo "Welcome to QUAL environment!" CID=`head -2 ./param.txt | tail -1` CSEC=`head -4 ./param.txt | tail -1` ORG=`head -6 ./param.txt | tail -1` sleep 1;; PL) echo "Welcome to ProdLike environment!" ;; PT) echo "Welcome to ProdTest environment!" ;; PROD) echo "Welcome to PROD environment!" ;; *) echo "Invalid environment selection!" ;; esac Create Basic Token Generate the base64, basic_token at https://www.base64encode.org/. This line of code takes the values stored in $CID and $CSEC, combines them into a single string separated by a colon, encodes that string into Base64 format, and assigns the resulting encoded string to the variable basic_token. basic_token=`echo -n $CID:$CSEC | base64 -w 0` Function to Regenerate the Token This function sends a request to obtain a new access token using the OAuth 2.0 client credentials flow, processes the response to extract the access token, and stores it in a file named access_token.tmp. regenToken() { curl -X POST \ "$ORG/oauth2/v1/token" \ -H "Authorization: Basic $basic_token" \ -H "Cache-Control: no-cache" \ -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \ -d "grant_type=client_credentials&scope=urn%3Aopc%3Aidm%3A__myscopes__" | awk -F[":"] '{print$2}' | awk -F[","] '{print$1}' | awk '{print substr($0, 2, length($0) - 2)}' > access_token.tmp echo "New token is generated.. access_token refreshed!!" } Testing Token Validity This portion of the main shell script checks the validity of an access token. It first reads the token from a file and then sends a request to validate it. If the token is invalid, it regenerates a new one and repeats the process. Finally, it updates the token file accordingly. access_token=`more access_token.tmp`. tokenTest=`curl -X POST "$ORG/oauth2/v1/introspect" -H "Authorization: Basic $basic_token" -H "Cache-Control: no-cache" -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" -d token=$access_token | awk -F"," '{print$1}' | awk -F":" '{print$2}' | sed 's/[{}]//g'` if [ "$tokenTest" = "true" ]; then echo "Token is valid.."; else echo "Invalid token! Invoking func to pull new token.." regenToken access_token=`more access_token.tmp` fi Remove all the previous files. The script can be modified later to pull delta records only. rm -f auditevents.idcs* Pull totalResults Count This script retrieves the total number of qualified records from an API endpoint "$ORG/admin/v1/AuditEvents" using a GET request. It includes an access token in the request headers for authorization. The response is processed using awk to extract the value associated with "totalResults". After obtaining the total number of records, it echoes this information and then waits for 5 seconds. totalResults=`curl -X GET "$ORG/admin/v1/AuditEvents?&count=0" -H "Authorization: Bearer $access_token" -H "Cache-Control: no-cache" | awk -F"\"totalResults\"\:" '{print$2}' | awk -F"," '{print$1}'` echo "Total number of qualified records: $totalResults" sleep 5 Loop to Pull the Records This script iterates through paginated API calls to retrieve audit events data from "$ORG/admin/v1/AuditEvents". It sets the pagination parameters and continuously fetches data until all records are obtained. Each batch of data is processed and saved into a JSON file named "auditevents.idcs.json". itemsPerPage=1000 startIndex=1 while [ $startIndex -le $totalResults ] do echo "startIndex: $startIndex" curl -X GET \ "$ORG/admin/v1/AuditEvents?&startIndex=$startIndex&count=$itemsPerPage" \ -H "Authorization: Bearer $access_token" \ -H "Cache-Control: no-cache" | awk -F"Resources" '{print$2}' | awk -F"startIndex" '{print$1}' | cut -c 4- | rev | cut -c 4- | rev > auditevents.idcs.json Formatting the JSON Output This script performs a search and replaces operation on a JSON file named "auditevents.idcs.json". It replaces occurrences of the string defined by the variable PAT with the string defined by REP_PAT. The modified content is then redirected to a new file with a timestamp appended to its name. Afterward, it increments the startIndex by 1000 to prepare for the next batch of data retrieval in the loop. This process repeats until all records are retrieved. PAT=]},{\"idcsCreatedBy REP_PAT=]}'\n'{\"idcsCreatedBy sed "s/$PAT/$REP_PAT/g" auditevents.idcs.json > auditevents.idcs.json_`date +"%Y%m%d_%H%M%S%N"` startIndex=`expr $startIndex + 1000` done Remove the access token temp file at the end of the script: rm -f access_token.tmp Summary In short, the shell script performs the following operations: It checks for the presence of a parameter file named "param.txt" and sets environment variables accordingly. It generates a basic authentication token. It validates the token and regenerates it if invalid. It retrieves the total number of qualified records and waits for 5 seconds. It retrieves audit events data in paginated batches, modifies the data format, and saves it into JSON files with timestamps. It iterates through each batch until all records are retrieved. Finally, it cleans up temporary files ```bash #!/bin/bash [ -f ./param.txt ] && echo "Parameter file is present" || echo "Parameter file not found!! Create param.txt with CID, CSEC, ORG, and ENV details." ENV=$(head -8 ./param.txt | tail -1) [ -z "$ENV" ] && echo "Environment variable is empty" || echo "Environment variable looks good" case $ENV in DEV) echo "Welcome to DEV environment!" ;; QUAL) echo "Welcome to QUAL environment!" CID=$(head -2 ./param.txt | tail -1) CSEC=$(head -4 ./param.txt | tail -1) ORG=$(head -6 ./param.txt | tail -1) sleep 1 ;; PL) echo "Welcome to ProdLike environment!" ;; PT) echo "Welcome to ProdTest environment!" ;; PROD) echo "Welcome to PROD environment!" ;; *) echo "Invalid environment selection!" ;; esac basic_token=$(echo -n $CID:$CSEC | base64 -w 0) regenToken() { curl -X POST \ "$ORG/oauth2/v1/token" \ -H "Authorization: Basic $basic_token" \ -H "Cache-Control: no-cache" \ -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \ -d "grant_type=client_credentials&scope=urn%3Aopc%3Aidm%3A__myscopes__" | awk -F[":"] '{print$2}' | awk -F[","] '{print$1}' | awk '{print substr($0, 2, length($0) - 2)}' > access_token.tmp echo "New token is generated.. access_token refreshed!!" } access_token=$(more access_token.tmp). tokenTest=$(curl -X POST "$ORG/oauth2/v1/introspect" -H "Authorization: Basic $basic_token" -H "Cache-Control: no-cache" -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" -d token=$access_token | awk -F"," '{print$1}' | awk -F":" '{print$2}' | sed 's/[{}]//g') if [ "$tokenTest" = "true" ]; then echo "Token is valid.." else echo "Invalid token! Invoking func to pull new token.." regenToken access_token=$(more access_token.tmp) fi rm -f auditevents.idcs* totalResults=$(curl -X GET "$ORG/admin/v1/AuditEvents?&count=0" -H "Authorization: Bearer $access_token" -H "Cache-Control: no-cache" | awk -F"\"totalResults\"\:" '{print$2}' | awk -F"," '{print$1}') echo "Total number of qualified records: $totalResults" sleep 5 itemsPerPage=1000 startIndex=1 while [ $startIndex -le $totalResults ]; do echo "startIndex: $startIndex" curl -X GET \ "$ORG/admin/v1/AuditEvents?&startIndex=$startIndex&count=$itemsPerPage" \ -H "Authorization: Bearer $access_token" \ -H "Cache-Control: no-cache" | awk -F"Resources" '{print$2}' | awk -F"startIndex" '{print$1}' | cut -c 4- | rev | cut -c 4- | rev > auditevents.idcs.json PAT=]},{\"idcsCreatedBy REP_PAT=]}'\n'{\"idcsCreatedBy sed "s/$PAT/$REP_PAT/g" auditevents.idcs.json > auditevents.idcs.json_$(date +"%Y%m%d_%H%M%S%N") startIndex=$(expr $startIndex + 1000) done rm -f access_token.tmp ``` I've formatted the script for better readability while preserving its functionality. Related Posts ✔ How to setup Postman client ✔ Calling Twitter API Related Topics

J1 waiver change of address, If your address has changed while you are at stage 3 of the J1 waiver process, you can follow these steps to update your address. The specific steps you should take depend on the time when your address changed. Here's a breakdown of the address change process. Table of Contents: J1 waiver address change Address Changed After Receiving a Favorable Recommendation Address Changed Before Receiving a Favorable Recommendation Address Changed After Receiving a Favorable Recommendation If your address has changed after receiving a favorable recommendation from the Department of State, you will need to update your address with the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) since your case has been transferred to USCIS. You will have to wait to receive the receipt number from USCIS and then only you will be able to update your address with them. Related: B1/B2 visa for parents Here's what you can do: Visit the USCIS website and navigate to the Change of Address page. Follow the instructions provided to update your address online or you can fill out the AR-11 form, just follow the steps on the website. Make sure to provide accurate and up-to-date information to ensure that you receive any future correspondence regarding your J1 waiver application. Once your service request for an address change is successfully processed, you will receive mail from USCIS at your new address. You can also change your address online by creating an online USCIS account. Navigate to 'My Account' and go to 'Change of Address' to update your information. If you have moved to a new address before receiving your receipt number, you can update your address online with USPS and, set an email alert (called USPS informed delivery) to see what mail you are receiving. This will help you determine if you've missed any mail from USCIS. Please note that updating your address with UPS or USPS does not automatically change your address with USCIS. Be sure to update your address with USCIS. Address Changed Before Receiving a Favorable Recommendation If your address changed before receiving a favorable recommendation from the Department of State, you will need to update your address with the Department of State. Here are the steps to follow: Visit the Department of State's J-1 Visa Waiver website. At the bottom of the page, click on Inform the department of the state of your change of personal data (2nd last option). This will take you to Privacy Act Notices: Click on I accept. The next page will be about how to use the website: Click on Next. Then it will ask you about the exchange visitor details. Fill in all the information and follow the steps. Related: Indian passport renewal in the USA It's crucial to keep your address updated throughout the J1 waiver process to ensure you receive important notifications and correspondence related to your application. By promptly updating your address, you can help ensure smooth and efficient processing of your J1 waiver. Again this blog is only to help people, it's not a piece of legal advice from a lawyer. Hope it helps the readers. Next: How to expedite a J1 Waiver Related Posts ✔ J1 visa to H1B ✔ J1 visa to Green Card ✔ How to apply for J2 EAD Related Topics

As we initiate the J1 visa waiver application process (India), I'm assuming that you've already read my introductory blog on the J1 visa waiver. By now, you should be clear about whether you are subject to the "2-year home residency requirement" or not. Furthermore, you should have an understanding of when to start the J1 visa waiver application process and where to apply for the J1 visa waiver. I spent a significant amount of time referring to various J1 visa waiver blogs and videos to understand the process of obtaining a J1 visa waiver. As a result, I've broken down the entire process into the following sections. Introduction J1 Waiver: Stage 1 J1 Waiver: Stage 2 J1 Waiver: Stage 3 Table of Contents: J1 waiver step-by-step process J1 Waiver Application - Stage 1 Miscellaneous form NORI form J1 Waiver Money Order J1 Visa Waiver Mail Address J1 Waiver Processing Time Documents Required for J1 Visa Waiver Cover Letter which I received from CGI-SF FAQs J1 Waiver - Stage 1 Here are the steps for Stage 1 of the J1 visa waiver application. The duration to complete J1 visa waiver application stage 1 generally ranges from 3 to 5 weeks, depending on your location and consulate. Related: How to expedite J1 waiver? For stage 1, you'll require two forms: the miscellaneous service request form and the NORI form. You can locate the link to the miscellaneous form in the list of all the consulate details here. Once you open the miscellaneous form link, you'll find the NORI form on the same page. Miscellaneous form Download the miscellaneous service form from your respective Consulate General of India website. I have attached the miscellaneous form that I used for the San Francisco consulate. Since this form might change in the future, I recommend downloading it from the list of consulate details I provided previously. You'll need one copy of the miscellaneous service form, which should be filled out by hand. Please attach a recent passport-size photograph to it. NORI form Download the NORI form from your respective Consulate General of India website. Once you have downloaded the NORI (No Objection Return to India) form from your respective CGI website, you will notice It contains two sections: Biodata and Affidavit. You need four copies of the NORI form and it should be filled out by hand. You can download the NORI (San Francisco) form using this link, which I have also provided below. Additionally, please ensure that you use the most up-to-date forms, as they are subject to change in the future. Once you have completed filling out the NORI (bio-data & affidavit) form by hand, it should be notarized. You have the option to get the form notarized either at your bank or at a UPS store. I recommend checking with your bank, as they might provide this service for free. Related: How to apply for J2 EAD? Alternatively, if you choose to go to a UPS store, please be aware that there is a fee of $25 per document. It's worth noting that I wasn't aware of this at the time and ended up paying a significant amount to the UPS store. Next, proceed to make two additional photocopies of the notarized NORI form. This will result in a total of six notarized NORI forms, comprising four original copies and two photocopies. Related: B1/B2 visa for parents J1 Waiver Money Order A non-refundable fee of 66$ is required for the J1 visa waiver application Stage 1, and the fee should be paid through a money order or cashier's check drawn in favor of the Consulate General of India, San Francisco (in my case). Some CGIs accept cash as well, but that was not the case with CGI-SF. Additionally, there will be ICWF charges of $2 applied for using miscellaneous services. So, you can either prepare a money order or cashier's check for $68, or you can make it separate with $66 for the visa fee and $2 for the ICWF charges. In my case, I prepared two cashier's checks worth 66$ and 2$ both payable to drawn in favor of the Consulate General of India, San Francisco. The fee might change depending on the CGI location, so please double-check before proceeding. J1 Waiver Mail Address Next, you will require all the supporting documents (as listed in the following section), in addition to the previous forms. At this point, you will have two available options. Option 1. You can mail all the documents to your respective consulate general of India along with your original passport. The mailing address is available on CGI websites. You can find details of CGI details here. Option 2. If you prefer, you can also visit the CGI office in person. In my case, I went to CGI-SF because I was planning to travel to India, and sending my original passport by mail was not feasible. It's worth noting that you do not need an appointment for a visit to CGI-SF. Before your in-person visit, please make sure to verify with your consulate whether they provide walk-in services. J1 Waiver Processing Time In both options (1 & 2) mentioned above, you are required to include a return envelope with your address on it. The process involves a waiting period of approximately 5-6 weeks for the Indian consular officer to sign the documents. Subsequently, the signed documents will be sent to you using the return envelope you provided. Related: How to update the address (J1 waiver) However, please note that this process can vary depending on the location. For instance, a friend of mine visited CGI-NY, where the Indian consular officer signed both the bio-data and an affidavit on the same day, allowing her to leave with all the necessary documents. I had a similar expectation for CGI-SF, but it took approximately 5 weeks for them to complete the process. Documents Required for J1 Visa Waiver Current Indian passport in original and photocopy of the first five pages and last two pages. If your passport is expiring soon, it's better to renew it first. I have seen several people asking about renewing their passports during the J1 waiver stages 2 and 3. Don't put yourself in that situation; renew your passport first. You can get a new passport in 4-6 weeks in the US while getting the waiver is a very time-consuming process. See how to renew your passport here. Proof of your US visa status: Copy of any one of the following documents. Scanned copy of your visa, I-94, and all of your DS-2019 Scanned copy of the Green Card Scanned copy of the Employment Authorization Document (EAD) Scanned copy of approval notices I-797, I-140, or I-20 (If approval copies of these notices are pending, also attach a handwritten note detailing the efforts being taken to regularize status). Proof of current US residence address: Copy of any one of the following. U.S drivers license PG&E, utility, or landline telephone bill displaying the applicant’s address House lease agreement State identification card Note that bank, credit card, or mobile phone statements are not accepted as residence proof. Related: Should you hire a lawyer for J1 visa waiver? To access the most current forms and the list of supporting documents, please visit the website of your respective CGI. Please note that the forms and guidelines may change over time. Cover Letter which I received from CGI-SF Alongside the signed documents, you will also receive a cover letter from the Indian Consulate officer. This letter will specify the offices in India from which you need to obtain clearance certificates. In case you do not receive a cover letter, please consider sending an email to your respective consulate to inquire about it. Related: Change of status to B2 Congratulations 🎉 J1 waiver stage 1 is completed. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message in the comment section. I'll get back to you as soon as possible. FAQs on J1 Waiver What is the money order address for the J1 waiver? For my case, I arranged a money order or cashier's check payable to the Consulate General of India, San Francisco. The appropriate approach depends on the specific consulate you're dealing with; it's advisable to consult their respective website for accurate information. Do I need to notarize the miscellaneous form as well? No, you don't need to notarize the miscellaneous form. Only the NORI form needs to be notarized. Do I need to notarize the passport, visa, or any other supporting document for J1 waiver stage 1? For most consulates, notarization of supporting documents is required. I suggest you visit this blog (click on the 'Miscellaneous form NORI link' for your CGI) and search for notary requirements under Stage 1 details; for most consulates, it is mentioned as required. Next: J1 Visa Waiver (Stage 2) Related Posts ✔ Go to the Main Menu ✔ J1 visa to H1B ✔ Can I convert from a J1 visa to a green card? ✔ J1 Visa to EB1 Green Card Related Topics

In the United States, possessing a Green Card vs holding citizenship are two different immigration statuses. The Green Card, also known as a Permanent Resident Card (shown below), permits individuals from other countries to live and work in the U.S. permanently. On the other hand, citizenship is the highest immigration status, granting individuals full rights and privileges. While a Green Card provides a pathway to citizenship (also called naturalization), not everyone with a Green Card becomes a citizen or wants to become a citizen. Table of Contents: Green Card vs Citizenship Citizenship Citizenship for children Right to vote Physical presence Government jobs Deportation risk Citizenship responsibilities Travel flexibility Dual citizenship Green card validity US passport Tax implications Inheritance rules Sponsorship ability Ease of entry and exit FAQs So, it's important to know the key differences between having a Green Card and being a citizen, especially if you're thinking about changing from a Green Card to citizenship. Let's look at the good and not-so-good things about having a Green Card versus being a U.S. citizen. Green Card vs Citizenship The main differences between green card holders (permanent residents) and having citizenship in the United States revolve around rights, privileges, and responsibilities. Here are some key differences: 1. CITIZENSHIP Green card holders are not U.S. citizens, and citizens enjoy additional rights. U.S. citizenship can be acquired in two main ways: by birth (either born in the U.S. or to U.S. citizen parents) or through the process of naturalization (green card to citizenship). 2. CITIZENSHIP FOR CHILDREN Children born to U.S. citizens or green card holders, whether in the U.S. or abroad, automatically receive U.S. citizenship. However, if a child is born abroad to green card-holding parents, citizenship requires additional steps like filing for a CBRA (Consular Report of Birth Abroad). Related: U.S. passport application for minor 3. RIGHT TO VOTE U.S. citizens have the right to vote in federal elections, whereas green card holders cannot participate in federal voting because they are considered non-US citizens. 4. PHYSICAL PRESENCE To obtain a green card, physical presence in the U.S. is not required. You can also apply for a green card from abroad. However, to become a U.S. citizen (through naturalization), one must meet residency requirements, typically residing in the U.S. for five years (or three years if married to a U.S. citizen). 5. GOVERNMENT JOBS Some government jobs and security clearances are reserved for U.S. citizens, making citizens more eligible for certain employment opportunities. 6. DEPORTATION RISK Green card holders may face deportation if they violate certain immigration laws, while citizens cannot be deported for immigration-related reasons. 7. CITIZENSHIP RESPONSIBILITIES Citizens have civic duties, such as serving on juries and registering for selective military service (for males between 18 and 25), which do not apply to green card holders. 8. TRAVEL FLEXIBILITY Citizens, can travel freely and live abroad without risking their citizenship. Green card holders, on the other hand, are generally advised not to stay outside the U.S. for more than six months at a time. However, there is no specific written rule for this. Green card holders can apply for for re-entry permit which allows them to travel abroad for 2 years. 9. DUAL CITIZENSHIP A U.S. citizen can hold dual citizenship with another country. However, other countries might not allow dual citizenship. For example, if you are from India, you must give up Indian citizenship, as India does not permit dual citizenship, even though the U.S. does. 10. GREEN CARD VALIDITY Green card holders can live indefinitely, but their permanent resident cards are typically valid for 10 years, requiring green card renewal. In contrast, citizenship has no expiration; once you become a citizen, you remain a citizen. 11. U.S. PASSPORT U.S. citizens are eligible to apply for and receive a U.S. passport. Green card holders, however, do not have this privilege. One of the main benefits of having a U.S. passport is that you don't need a visa to travel to several other countries, including Canada, Mexico, the UK, European Union countries, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, etc. Related: U.S. passport application for minors 12. TAX IMPLICATIONS U.S. citizens are subject to worldwide income taxation, meaning they must report income earned both within and outside the country. Green card holders may also have tax obligations, but they are generally not taxed on their income abroad if they maintain their permanent resident status. 13. INHERITANCE RULES U.S. citizens have the right to transfer their assets to heirs with fewer tax restrictions compared to green card holders. 14. SPONSORSHIP ABILITY U.S. citizens have broader sponsorship capabilities for family members in the immigration process compared to green card holders. U.S. citizens can sponsor green cards for close relatives, including spouses, children, parents, and siblings (brothers and sisters), through family-based immigration. 15. EASE OF ENTRY AND EXIT U.S. citizens face fewer restrictions when entering or exiting the country, experiencing smoother processes at borders and airports compared to green card holders. U.S. citizens can also seek assistance from U.S. embassies while traveling abroad, whereas green card holders may have limited access to such support. FAQs on Green Card vs Citizenship What is the minimum stay in the U.S. before applying for a green card? There is no strict minimum residency requirement for a green card application, meaning there isn't a specific number of days you must be present in the U.S. to apply for a green card. If you are eligible, you can even apply for a green card from abroad. What is naturalization? Naturalization is the process through which a foreign citizen becomes a citizen of another country. In the context of the United States, naturalization refers to the process by which immigrants become U.S. citizens. It involves meeting certain eligibility requirements, including residency, good moral character, English language proficiency, and knowledge of the U.S. government and history. Once these requirements are met, eligible individuals can apply for naturalization. What are the 5 requirements to become a U.S. citizen? These are the 5 requirements to become a U.S. citizen through naturalization: Residency: Stay in the U.S. continuously to meet time requirements. Green Card Holder: Have a green card for about five years (or three if married to a U.S. citizen). Good Person: Be a good person, following U.S. laws and rules. Speak English: Know and use English well, though there are exceptions for age and residency duration. Civics Test: Pass a test about the U.S. government and history, with possible exemptions based on age and time in the U.S. What's the minimum stay in the U.S. for citizenship after getting a green card? As per USCIS guidelines, individuals must have continuous residence as a Green Card holder in the U.S. for five years before applying for citizenship. However, qualified spouses of U.S. citizens are eligible to apply after three years of continuous residence. Can I apply for U.S. citizenship after 3 years of green card? Yes, you can if you are applying as the spouse of a U.S. citizen. Can a green card holder apply for citizenship before 5 years? No, unless you are the spouse of a U.S. citizen, you must fulfill the 5-year residency requirement on the green card before applying for naturalization. What are the steps to convert from a green card to citizenship? Here are the steps to transition from a green card to citizenship: Determine your eligibility to become a U.S. citizen like residency requirement, etc. Prepare and submit Form N-400, Application for Naturalization. Attend the biometrics appointment if required. Complete the interview with USCIS. Await a decision on your Form N-400 application. Receive a notice to take the Oath of Allegiance. Take the Oath of Allegiance to the United States. Congratulation! You are now a U.S. citizen. How much does it cost to become a U.S. citizen? To file Form N-400 and become a U.S. citizen, the fee is $640. If applicable, add the $85 biometric fee, bringing the total to $725. This is per individual, each dependent will have a separate fee. What happens to a non-U.S. citizen after they request citizenship? USCIS will schedule an interview with you to complete the naturalization process after your N-400 application is processed. Next: Tourist visa for USA from India Related Posts ✔ Do green card holders need visas for Canada? ✔ Indian Passport Renewal in the USA ✔ How to apply for B1/B2 visa for parents? ✔ How to apply for an OCI card in the USA for a minor? Related Topics